Hyperspectral Microscopy Technology to Detect Syrups Adulteration of Endemic Guindo Santo and Quillay Honey Using Machine-Learning Tools.

Honey adulteration is a common practice that affects food quality and sale prices, and certifying the origin of the honey using non-destructive methods is critical. Guindo Santo and Quillay are fundamental for the honey production of Biobío and the Ñuble region in Chile. Furthermore, Guindo Santo only exists in this area of the world. Therefore, certifying honey of this species is crucial for beekeeper communities-mostly natives-to give them advantages and competitiveness in the global market. To solve this necessity, we present a system for detecting adulterated endemic honey that combines different artificial intelligence networks with a confocal optical microscope and a tunable optical filter for hyperspectral data acquisition. Honey samples artificially adulterated with syrups at concentrations undetectable to the naked eye were used for validating different artificial intelligence models. Comparing Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), Support vector machine (SVM), and Neural Network (NN), we reach the best average accuracy value with SVM of 93% for all classes in both kinds of honey. We hope these results will be the starting point of a method for honey certification in Chile in an automated way and with high precision.

Three-dimensional point spread function estimation method for mid-wave infrared microscope imaging.

A three-dimensional point spread function experimental estimation method based on the system's focal plane array spatial local impulse response of a mid-wave infrared microscope is presented. The method uses several out-of-focus two-dimensional point spread function planes to achieve a single three-dimensional point spread function of the whole microscope's optical spreading, expanding the limits of infrared optical technology by one dimension. This technique includes stages of image acquisition, nonuniformity correction, filtering, and multi-planar reconstruction steps, and its effectiveness is demonstrated on biological sample image restoration by means of a multi-planar refocusing application.

Oral Manifestations of Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome: Genotype-Phenotype Correlation Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a rare disease caused by deletion in the distal moiety of the short arm of chromosome 4. The objectives of this study were to report the most representative oral findings of WHS, relate them with other clinical characteristics of the disease, and establish possible phenotype-genotype correlation. METHODS: The study was conducted at 6 reference centers distributed throughout Spain during 2018-2019. The study group consisted of 31 patients with WHS who underwent a standardized oral examination. Due to behavioral reasons, imaging studies were performed on only 11 of the children 6 years of age or older. All participants had previously undergone a specific medical examination for WHS, during which anatomical, functional, epilepsy-related, and genetic variables were recorded. RESULTS: The most prevalent oral manifestations were delayed tooth eruption (74.1%), bruxism (64.5%), dental agenesis (63.6%), micrognathia (60.0%), oligodontia (45.5%), and downturned corners of the mouth (32.3%). We detected strong correlation between psychomotor delay and oligodontia (p = 0.008; Cramér's V coefficient, 0.75). The size of the deletion was correlated in a statistically significant manner with the presence of oligodontia (p = 0.009; point-biserial correlation coefficient, 0.75). CONCLUSION: Certain oral manifestations prevalent in WHS can form part of the syndrome's phenotypic variability. A number of the characteristics of WHS, such as psychomotor delay and epilepsy, are correlated with oral findings such as oligodontia and bruxism. Although most genotype-phenotype correlations are currently unknown, most of them seem to be associated with larger deletions, suggesting that some oral-facial candidate genes might be outside the critical WHS region, indicating that WHS is a contiguous gene syndrome.

Multiplanar full-field blur correction method for infrared microscopy imaging.

We propose a 3D full-field focusing method for microscopic mid-wave infrared (MWIR) imagery. The method is based on the experimental estimation of a confined volumetric vision microscope point spread function. The technique employs our well-known constant-range-based nonuniformity correction algorithm as a preprocessing step and then an iteration in the z-axis Fourier-based deconvolution. The technique's ability to compensate for localized blur is demonstrated using two different real MWIR microscopic video sequences, captured from two microscopic living organisms using a Janos-Sofradir MWIR microscopy setup. The performance of the proposed algorithm is assessed on real and simulated noisy infrared data by computing the root-mean-square error and the roughness Laplacian pattern indexes, which are specifically developed for the present work.

Simultaneous digital super-resolution and nonuniformity correction for infrared imaging systems.

In this article, we present a novel algorithm to achieve simultaneous digital super-resolution and nonuniformity correction from a sequence of infrared images. We propose to use spatial regularization terms that exploit nonlocal means and the absence of spatial correlation between the scene and the nonuniformity noise sources. We derive an iterative optimization algorithm based on a gradient descent minimization strategy. Results from infrared image sequences corrupted with simulated and real fixed-pattern noise show a competitive performance compared with state-of-the-art methods. A qualitative analysis on the experimental results obtained with images from a variety of infrared cameras indicates that the proposed method provides super-resolution images with significantly less fixed-pattern noise.

Panoramic radiomorphometry and vertebral fractures in Spanish postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between panoramic radiomorphometric indexes, and the presence of osteoporotic fractures in a Spanish postmenopausal women. METHODS: A sample of 120 women (60 with fragility spine fractures and 60 healthy), aged 55-70 years, with fragility spine fractures, were included in this cross-sectional study that was conducted from 2008 to 2011. All the women were referred to undergo a radiological spine examination, spinal densitometry and a panoramic radiograph for assessing osteoporosis using 3 radiomorphometric indexes: Panoramic Mandibular Index (PMI), Mental Index (MI) and Mandibular Cortical Index (MCI). According to mandibular cortical shape, in MCI, three groups were defined: C3 (osteoporosis), C2 (osteopenia), C1 (health). RESULTS: Significant differences were found between all the MCI groups due to their composition between fractures and non-fractures. C1 group (healthy) has less fractures women than C2 (Bonferroni p<0.001), C1 has less fractures than C3 (Bonferroni p<0.001) and finally, C2 has less fractures than C3 (Bonferroni p<0.006). PMI and MI values were significantly lower in cases than in controls (U Mann-Whitney p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Panoramic radiomorphometrics mandibular indexes such as MCI, PMI, and MI, may be useful for identifying the population at higher risk for fracture. The relationship between panoramic index and osteoporosis remains unclear and further studies using fragility fracture as a real marker of osteoporosis are warranted to clarify the exact role and effect of one condition on the other and the corresponding clinical implications.

Osteoporosis, fragility fracture, and periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study in Spanish postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: Osteoporosis and periodontitis are common disorders that affect aging populations. It has been hypothesized that both conditions may be related. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between osteoporosis and periodontitis using vertebral fragility fracture as a real marker of osteoporosis and periodontal clinical examination to define periodontitis. METHODS: Six hundred thirty-four women aged 55 to 70 years, with fragility spine fractures, and living in the same healthcare region of Seville, Spain, were invited to take part in this cross-sectional study conducted from 2008 to 2010. All the women included in the study were referred to undergo spine radiological examination, spinal densitometry, and full-mouth periodontal assessment. RESULTS: With the exception of number of teeth (19 in the fractured postmenopausal group and 23 in the control group; P < 0.007) and sites with a clinical attachment level lower than 7 mm (P < 0.048), there were no significant differences in clinical and periodontal parameters among women in the fractured postmenopausal group and the control group. In short, fractured postmenopausal women have lost more teeth with more advanced attachment loss (clinical attachment level >7 mm). None of the definitions of periodontitis used resulted in significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between periodontitis and osteoporosis remains unclear, and further studies considering fragility fracture as a real marker of osteoporosis are warranted to clarify the exact role and effect of one condition on the other and the corresponding clinical implications.

Clinical indicators of periodontal disease in patients with coronary heart disease: A 10 years longitudinal study

Objectives: There is evidence about a possible relationship existing between periodontal diseases and coronary heart disease. The aim of the present longitudinal study was to investigate the changes in periodontal evolution after etiological periodontal treatment, comparing a healthy control group with another having coronary heart disease. Study Design: The study included initially 55 patients of which 44 finished it. They were placed into two groups: Healthy Control Group (HCG) n =9, and Coronary Heart Disease Group (CHDG) n=35. The gingival level (GL), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were measured to compare the periodontal status in both groups. The patients were examined and etiological periodontal treatment was performed and they were then examined at the end of 1 and 10 years. Statistical method: A one way-ANOVA and a MR-ANOVA were established; significance p<0.05. Results: No significant differences between both groups were detected on the first visit (p>0.5). However, at the second visit the CHDG presented a significantly higher PD (p<0.05) and PI (p<0.01). CHDG patients gradually increase PD through time and in comparison to the control group (p<0.041). CHDG patients present a significantly higher CAL loss (p<0.0385) and a significant increase in PI (p<0.0041) at the end of one year, while on the third visit no significant differences were detected in any of these indices. Likewise, a similar fact can be observed on evaluating BOP at the end of ten years causal treatment, a smaller decrease in the cardiac group was observed in regards to the initial values (p<0.001).Conclusion: Patients with coronary heart disease showed a worse evolution of periodontal indices than healthy ones, when referring to probing depth, plaque index and bleeding on probing index (AU)

Diabetes mellitus, periapical inflammation and endodontic treatment outcome

The possible connection between chronic oral inflammatory processes, such as apical periodontitis and periodontal disease (PD), and systemic health is one of the most interesting aspects faced by the medical and dental scientific community. Chronic apical periodontitis shares important characteristics with PD: 1) both are chronic infections of the oral cavity, 2) the Gram-negative anaerobic microbiota found in both diseases is comparable, and3) in both infectious processes increased local levels of inflammatory mediators may have an impact on systemic levels. One of the systemic disorders linked to PD is diabetes mellitus (DM); is therefore plausible to assume that chronic apical periodontitis and endodontic treatment are also associated with DM. The status of knowledge regarding the relationship between DM and endodontics is reviewed. Upon review, we conclude that there are data in the literature that associate DM with a higher prevalence of periapical lesions, greater size of the osteolityc lesions, greater likelihood of asymptomatic infections and worse prognosis for root filled teeth. The results of some studies suggest that periapical disease may contribute to diabetic metabolic dyscontrol (AU)

Clinical indicators of periodontal disease in patients with coronary heart disease: a 10 years longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVES: There is evidence about a possible relationship existing between periodontal diseases and coronary heart disease. The aim of the present longitudinal study was to investigate the changes in periodontal evolution after etiological periodontal treatment, comparing a healthy control group with another having coronary heart disease. STUDY DESIGN: The study included initially 55 patients of which 44 finished it. They were placed into two groups: Healthy Control Group (HCG) n =9, and Coronary Heart Disease Group (CHDG) n=35. The gingival level (GL), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were measured to compare the periodontal status in both groups. The patients were examined and etiological periodontal treatment was performed and they were then examined at the end of 1 and 10 years. STATISTICAL METHOD: A one way-ANOVA and a MR-ANOVA were established; significance p<0.05. RESULTS: No significant differences between both groups were detected on the first visit (p>0.5). However, at the second visit the CHDG presented a significantly higher PD (p<0.05) and PI (p<0.01). CHDG patients gradually increase PD through time and in comparison to the control group (p<0.041). CHDG patients present a significantly higher CAL loss (p<0.0385) and a significant increase in PI (p<0.0041) at the end of one year, while on the third visit no significant differences were detected in any of these indices. Likewise, a similar fact can be observed on evaluating BOP at the end of ten years causal treatment, a smaller decrease in the cardiac group was observed in regards to the initial values (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients with coronary heart disease showed a worse evolution of periodontal indices than healthy ones, when referring to probing depth, plaque index and bleeding on probing index.

Relationship between smoking and endodontic variables in hypertensive patients.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between smoking and the prevalence of apical periodontitis and root canal treatment in hypertensive patients. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, the records of 100 hypertensive patients, 50 smokers and 50 nonsmokers, were examined. Periapical status of all teeth was assessed by using the periapical index score. RESULTS: Apical periodontitis in 1 or more teeth was found in 92% of smoker patients and in 44% of nonsmoker subjects (P=.000; odds ratio [OR], 16.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.6-61.3). One or more root-filled teeth were found in 58% and 20% of smoker and nonsmoker subjects, respectively (P < .01; OR, 5.5; 95% CI, 2.3-13.5). Among smoker hypertensive patients, 6% of the teeth had apical periodontitis, whereas in the nonsmoker subjects, 2% of teeth were affected (P < .01; OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 2.0-5.4). The percentage of root-filled teeth in the smoker and nonsmoker groups was 3.6% and 1.2%, respectively (P < .01; OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.6-5.5). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of apical periodontitis and root canal treatment was significantly higher in smoker hypertensive patients compared with nonsmoker subjects.

A combination of orthodontic, periodontal, and prosthodontic treatment in a case of advanced malocclusion.

Some of the most difficult problems to resolve in daily clinical practice are those where there is interaction of various pathogenic factors, with consequent complication of the therapeutic solutions. Combined treatments based on sound diagnosis of the case and appropriate decision making to organize the therapeutic procedures in sequence are the best way of dealing with such situations. This article describes the case of a woman who was pregnant at the beginning of the treatment and had active periodontitis and angle Class II molar malocclusion because of loss of maxillary and mandibular teeth. She had had maxillofacial surgery years before with average results, had lost teeth because of caries, and was seeking a solution to her problems that would be both esthetically pleasing and functional. A system that combined odontologic decision making with phased periodontal, orthodontic, and prosthodontic treatment was adopted, leading to a stable, esthetic, and functional solution that fulfilled the patient's requirements.

Oral manifestations and dental treatment in menopause.

Menopause is a physiological process typically occurring in the fifth decade of life in women, and involving permanent cessation of menstruation. Menopause is the consequence of hormonal changes that produce a series of general manifestations that have become increasingly important as a result of the increased female life expectancy in the industrialized world; indeed, such manifestations are observed throughout the last third of the female lifetime. However, oral symptoms are also found in addition to the more general manifestations of menopause (i.e., hot flush and psychological alterations). In this sense, an increased incidence is observed of dry mouth (xerostomia), disorders such as lichen planus, benign pemphigoid, Sjogren's syndrome and burning mouth syndrome, as well as a debated rise in the prevalence of periodontal disease. The dental treatment of such patients involves a series of particularities that should be taken into account, including the use of salivary secretion stimulators or saliva substitutes in cases of hyposialosis. Nevertheless, correct prevention, with good control of bacterial plaque, contributes to reduce the risk of many infections within the oral cavity.

Manifestaciones orales y manejo odontológico durante la menopausia / Oral manifestations and dental treatment in menopause

La menopausia es un proceso fisiológico que acontece en la quinta década de la mujer y en el que tiene lugar el cese permanente de la menstruación. Este proceso tiene como base unos cambios hormonales que tendrán como consecuencia una serie de manifestaciones clínicas de tipo general que han cobrado especial importancia por el aumento de la esperanza de vida en la mujer, lo que significa que la mayoría de estas mujeres padecerán dichos síntomas durante la última tercera parte de su vida. Sin embargo, no son sólo los síntomas generales (sofocos y alteraciones psicológicas) los que se manifiestan en la mujer menopaúsica, sino que también se producen síntomas a nivel oral. Así pues, existe un aumento en la incidencia de xerostomía, afecciones como el liquen plano, el penfigoide benigno, el síndrome de Sjögren, el conocido síndrome de ardor bucal y la discutida prevalencia de enfermedades periodontales. El manejo odontológico de estas pacientes presenta ciertas peculiaridades que deben ser consideradas, tales como el empleo de estimulantes de la secreción salival o de sustitutivos de la saliva en el caso de la hiposialía. No obstante, una correcta prevención, con un buen control de placa bacteriana, disminuirá los riesgos de aparición de muchas de las infecciones a nivel oral (AU)

Tratamiento odontológico bajo anestesia general ofrecido por el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario de Puerto Rico durante los años 1989-1994 / Dental treatment under general anesthesia offered at the Hospital Pediátrico Universitario de Puerto Rico during the years 1989-1994

One hundred and fourteen mentally retarded (MR) and non-mentally retarded (NMR) patients were divided into two groups and categorized according to the condition presented. Age, sex, and type of procedure performed were recorded for each patient. On the MR group 32 per cent were over 17 years of age. On the NMR group 51 per cent were under 6 years of age. The sex distribution was similar in both groups. Exodontia was the most frequently performed dental procedure. The MR group was composed of those who presented only mental retardation (42 per cent), cerebral palsy (17 per cent), epilepsy (15 per cent), syndromes (7 per cent), endocrinopathies (7 per cent), hydrocephalus (5 per cent) and other conditions (7 per cent). The NMR group was composed of those who presented cardiopathy (7 per cent), bottle syndrome (42 per cent), hemotopathy (11 per cent), maxillofacial disorders (24 per cent) and other conditions (16 per cent).

Estado actual de la obtención de la licencia para el ejercicio de la odontología en la Unión Europea y en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica / The current status in obtaining a license for the practice of dentistry in the European Union and the United States of America

Present regulations on the issuance of dental licenses are very different between the United States of America and the European Community. Two different mechanisms attempt to arrive at the fairest possible solution: licenses controlled by either national and/or local examinations in the United States, and licensing by credentials in the European Community. Both are compared and discussed